Time-averaged flow characteristics and mixing properties of double-concentric jets

We examined the flow behaviors and mixing characteristics of double-concentric jets using laser-assisted smoke flow visualization method to analyze typical flow patterns and binary boundary detection technique to investigate jet spread width. Time-averaged velocity vectors, streamline patterns, velocity distributions, turbulence properties, and vorticity contours were analyzed using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Topological flow patterns were analyzed to interpret the vortical flow structures. Mixing properties were investigated using a tracer-gas concentration detection method. Four characteristic modes were observed: annular flow dominated mode, transition mode, central jet dominated mode-low shear, and central jet dominated mode-high shear. The jets’ mixing properties were enhanced by two major phenomena: the merging of annular flow and central jet at the centerline and the large turbulence fluctuations produced in the flow field. The merging of the jets induced stagnation points on the central axis in the annular flow dominated mode, which caused reverse flow on the central axis and drastic turbulence fluctuations of the near field region. When the central jet penetrated the recirculation region in the other three modes, the stagnation points on the central axis and the reverse flow vanished. Therefore, the mixing behaviors were prominently enhanced in the annular flow dominated mode.     

Finite deformation swelling of a temperature-sensitive hydrogel cylinder under combined extension-torsion

The swelling behavior of a temperature-sensitive poly-N-isopropylacrylamide(PNIPAM) hydrogel circular cylinder is studied subjected to combined extension-torsion and varied temperature. In this regard, a semi-analytical solution is proposed for general combined loading. A finite element(FE) analysis is conducted, subjecting a hydrogel cylinder to the combined extension-torsion and the varied temperature to evaluate the validity and accuracy of the solution. A user-defined UHYPER subroutine is developed and verified under free and constrained swelling conditions. The FE results illustrate excellent agreement with the semi-analytical solution. Due to the complexity of the problem, some compositions and applied loading factors are analyzed. It is revealed that for larger cross-linked density and larger ending temperature, the cylinder yields higher stresses and smaller radial swelling deformation. Besides, the radial and hoop stresses increase by applying larger twist and axial stretch. The hoop stresses intersect at approximately R/Rout = 0.58, where the hoop stress vanishes. Besides, the axial force has direct and inverse relationships with the axial stretch and the twist, respectively. However, the resultant torsional moment behavior is complex, and the position of the maximum point varies significantly by altering the axial stretch and the twist.     

面向仿真数据的电网运行方式可视分析

对真实电网提出故障发生的假设并通过计算检验，观察故障对真实电网的影响。电网仿真能有效发现电网运行中的问题，被广泛应用于电网规划与电网运行方式调整。然而，在实际仿真计算过程中，往往需要依据经验调整电网配置和计算参数，以得到稳定、收敛的电网运行方式。大规模的仿真数据、调整的未知性加之分析的片面性会影响传统人工调整的准确性，为此提出了基于可视化的仿真计算调整方法。分析人员通过与可视分析系统的交互，可以快速认识电网的整体状态，发现问题元件，从而实现高效的仿真调整与计算。最后通过案例分析验证了本可视分析系统的有效性。     

Exceptional Cycles in the Bounded Derived Categories of Quivers

An exceptional n-cycle in a Hom-finite triangulated category with Serre functor has been recently introduced by Broomhead,Pauksztello and Ploog.When n=1,it is a spherical object.We explicitly determine all the exceptional cycles in the bounded derived category D^b(kQ)of a finite quiver Q without oriented cycles.In particular,if Q is an Euclidean quiver,then the length type of exceptional cycles in D^b(kQ)is exactly the tubular type of Q;if Q is a Dynkin quiver of type E_m(m=6,7,8),or Q is a wild quiver,then there are no exceptional cycles in D^b(kQ);and if Q is a Dynkin quiver of type An or D_n,then the length of an exceptional cycle in D^b(kQ)is either h or h/2,where h is the Coxeter number of Q.     

Assembling hydrodynamic cloaks to conceal complex objects from drag

Transformation hydrodynamics and the corresponding metamaterials have been proposed as a means to exclude the drag force acting on an object. Here, we report a strategy to deploy the hydrodynamic cloaks in a more practical manner by assembling different-shaped cloaking parts. Our strategy is to first model a square-shaped cloak and a carpet cloak and then combine them to conceal a more complex-shaped space in the three-dimensional hydrodynamic flow. With the derivation of transformation hydrodynamics, the coordinate transformations for each hydrodynamic cloaking are demonstrated with the calculated viscosity tensors. The pressure and velocity fields of the square, triangular (carpet), and exemplary three-dimensional house-shaped cloaks are numerically simulated, thus showing a cloaking effect and reduced drag. This study suggests an efficient way of cloaking complex architectures from fluid-dynamic forces.     

Instantaneous work hardening behaviour of two-phase tungsten heavy alloys: a phenomenological approach

ABSTRACT

The present work describes a phenomenological approach to explain the instantaneous behaviour of tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) in heat-treated and swaged conditions. The strengths and elongation values of heat-treated materials are lower and higher than those of the swaged samples respectively. The heat-treated materials exhibit two slopes in true stress–true plastic strain curves and follow the Ludwigson constitutive equation. On the other hand, swaged materials display a single slope and adhere to typical Swift constitutive equation. The latter reflect the presence of pre-strain in the materials due to swaging deformation. The fracture surfaces in heat-treated materials consist of W-W decohesion along with matrix rupture and W-cleavage, while swaged samples consist of mainly W-cleavage. Both the materials display three typical stages (I, II and III) of work hardening. The second derivatives of true stress–true plastic strain curves of these alloys exhibit a perfect parabola although the nature of true stress–true strain as well as true stress–true plastic strain curves is quite different in heat-treated and swaged materials. This has been observed for the first time in WHAs consisting of matrix and W-grains. The shape of the parabola is simple and easy to fit. The fitting parameters of parabolas have been successfully employed to explain the flow behaviour of a large number of tungsten heavy alloys having two-phase microstructure in different processing conditions.     

明代生命损失型地震的时空分布特征及成因分析

利用史料记录建立了明代生命损失型地震的数据库，构建生命损失型地震等级序列、10 a尺度上生命损失型地震的频次序列和县次序列，再现明代生命损失型地震的时空分布特征，探讨了生命损失型地震发生及导致人口死亡的时空差异原因。结果表明：（1）从明初到明末，生命损失型地震等级强度有逐渐扩大的趋势。（2）明代前期处于生命损失型地震发生较少的稳定时期；明代中后期处于生命损失型地震发生较多的波动时期。明代生命损失型地震发生频次存在明显的周期性变化特征。（3）生命损失型地震在明代大部分区域皆有分布。灾害重心随时间变化发生移动，由西南到中部再到华北、华东。（4）明代地震频繁的原因除地球本身因素外，太阳活动通过影响气候变化，进而间接影响地壳活动。气候寒冷与干旱和地震有较好的对应关系。明代后期生命损失型地震导致死亡人数大量增加，与明代经济发展，人口密度逐渐增长有关；不同地区生命损失型地震导致的死亡人数不同，且死亡人数与地震频发地区是否处于板块之间的活动构造带和人口分布密度有关。     

An improved semi-empirical friction model for gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal and near horizontal pipes

Pressure drop and liquid hold-up are two very important fluid flow parameters in design and control of multiphase flow pipelines. Friction factors play an important role in the accurate calculation of pressure drop. Various empirical and semi-empirical closure relations exist in the literature to calculate the liquid-wall, gas-wall and interfacial friction in two-phase pipe flow.However most of them are empirical correlations found under special experimental conditions. In this paper by modification of a friction model available in the literature, an improved semiempirical model is proposed. The proposed model is incorporated in the two-fluid correlations under equilibrium conditions and solved. Pressure gradient and velocity profiles are validated against experimental data. Using the improved model, the pressure gradient deviation from experiments diminishes by about 3%; the no-slip condition at the interface is satisfied and the velocity profile is predicted in better agreement with the experimental data.     

新郑西亚斯东周玉器材料属性与加工工艺的科技分析

中国玉文化源远流长，治玉工艺经过各个时代的不断发展和完善，在一定程度上能反映古代社会生产力发展水平及文化、贸易、技术交流等信息。利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱（EDXRF）、激光拉曼光谱（LRS）、超景深光学显微系统（OM）等分析技术，结合硅胶覆膜微痕复制技术，对河南省新郑西亚斯东周墓地出土的一批玉器进行科技分析。首先利用化学成分和物相结构分析技术确定了玉器材质的矿物属性，其次利用显微分析技术表征了玉器表面及穿孔内部和印模的加工痕迹，特别是阴刻纹饰和穿孔微痕特征，最后探讨了玉器样品的材料属性和加工工艺两者之间的联系。化学成分和物相结构分析结果表明，所分析的西亚斯东周玉器材质丰富，主要矿物组成有滑石、透闪石、水晶、云母等。玉器表面纹饰微痕特征分析表明，所分析玉器阴刻工艺采用了两种加工工具，分别是砣具和手持硬质工具。穿孔微痕分析特征表明，钻孔包括单面钻孔和双面/多面钻孔两种方式，钻孔工艺则有实心钻、管钻等。部分玉器钻孔形状和内部微痕特征表明，尽管均采用了实心钻工艺，但所采用的实心钻头在形状上存在差异，同时，也存在是否配合解玉砂进行钻孔的差异。不同材料属性的玉器采用了不同的加工工艺。滑石质玉器，莫氏硬度1，器型主要为玉片饰，其表面阴刻纹饰主要采用手持硬质工具进行刻画，钻孔主要采用了双面钻孔方式，并使用了实心钻头未添加解玉砂进行加工，钻头形状可能为圆锥状；云母质玉器，莫氏硬度2~3，器型主要为玉玦片饰，纹饰采用了砣具添加解玉砂的加工工艺，钻孔方式为单面钻孔，采用了管钻工艺。透闪石型玉器，莫氏硬度5~6，器型主要为玉片饰，表面纹饰采用砣具配合解玉砂砣刻，以双面钻孔的方式为主，钻孔工艺为实心钻头配合解玉砂工艺，钻头形状与滑石类样品一致，为圆锥状。水晶质玉器，莫氏硬度7，均为珠饰，表面无纹饰，钻孔方式为双面/多面钻孔，钻孔工艺为实心钻配合解玉砂工艺，且钻头可能为圆柱形。研究结果表明，玉器表面纹饰所采用的阴刻工艺和钻孔工艺，与玉器本身的材料属性、器型等存在密切关系。